INTRODUCTION:

The electromechanical grid of the last century is based on vertical integrated utility structures for generation to delivery system power grid control.

In modern topical years, the aging US power grids have become under invested, overstressed, and subject to many new operational scenarios and challenges. These include uncertainties in schedules and transfers across regions and mounting penetration of renewable energy power systems. It is facing increased frequency of unpredictable disastrous events due to limited knowledge and management of composite and/or complex systems and threat of terrorist attacks, either physical or cyber attacks. Consumers are also demanding increased quality and reliability of supply. More efficient use and maintenance of assets to reduce environmental impacts are in focus today.

Transforming today’s Electric Grid by using smart and efficient computational algorithms/ algorithmic techniques, methods, devices, and electronics into a highly efficient and reliable “Smart Grid” is a mandatory. Moreover, increase the predictability and handling of the stochastic nature of the grid under different high-impact and/or catastrophic shocks, uncertainties, and abnormalities. In attempt to address these challenges, the power industry, government and national laboratories and consortia have been established to handle the challenges of designing and building a grid of the future under different names such as smart grid, intelligent grid, grid wise and EPRI Intelligrid and others.

The recent Bill passed by the president George W. Bush (Act HR-6: “Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007”) provide entities and/or attributes of the future Smart Grid. The concept of intelligence in Smart Grid design and how it will be measured is unclear and, in this paper, a working definition is presented that will help to put in context the framework for discussing and designing the Smart Grid. The design of such grid will be based on cross boundaries of knowledge in communication theory, optimization, control, social and environmental constraints and dynamic optimization techniques. The Smart Grid design goals are to:

• Provide grid observability,

• Create controllability of assets, enhance power system performance and security, and

• Reduce costs of operations, maintenance, and system planning.

The new grid is expected to provide self-corrective, reconfiguration and restoration, and able to handle randomness of loads and market participants in real-time. It is expected to have key characteristics that self-heal; empower and incorporate the consumer; resilience of attacks; provide high power quality; accommodates a wide variety of generation options, fully enables maturing electricity markets, and optimizes all grid assets.

Life cycle management, cost containment, and end-to-end power delivery is improved in the Smart Grid design. The paper also develops and explains the Smart Grid functions that advance the interactions of agents such as telecommunication, control, and optimization to achieve adaptability, self-healing, efficiency and reliability of power systems. At the Center for Energy Systems and Control (CESaC), a special case for the development of Dynamic Stochastic Optimal Power Flow (DSOPF) technology as a tool needed in Smart Grid design has been a major research focus of the author. The DSOPF computational algorithm features built-in performance measures of controllability and interoperability; adaptability and sustainability; and anticipatory behavior and affirmation of security.

Transforming of the electromagnetic radiation to the smart grids, the diffusion and delivery techniques can be improved and it will be disseminated to the needed one. Meanwhile, many companies/ service providers and operators are gaining financial support from the federal government in connection with the funding for smart grids technologies, for example, the People Power Company, which is an energy efficiency company providing residential monitoring and control systems recently, announced similar good news in regards to its attempts at manufacturing smart controllers [1]. Meanwhile, the federal government is supporting financially for the establishment of the smart grid technologies for various companies, operators and servicing providers which indicates the broad idea of the government to support this type latest smart grid technologies not only for the conservation of the energy but the government intention is to protect the environment which in turn reduce the carbon foot print. For instance, The People Power Company, it is an energy efficiency company that is providing residential monitoring and control systems [1].

The CEO of the company Mr. Gene Wang said that the federal government funded an amount of part of a first phase grant circa $150,000 in 2009, and now competing for the second Phase grant about $1 million in the summer 2010. This sort of financial support is getting from the federal governments for establishment and installation of the smart grid technologies for not only saving the money and electrical energy but also to maintain a better environment and to get rid of health hazard from the environment pollution due to carbon foot print. In an industrial meet in Copenhagen, Mr. Wang pointed out that reducing individual carbon footprints is global concern.

Discussion on Smart grid technologies and reduction of carbon footprints/emissions

This section explains and assesses how different functions of the smart grid technology could give considerable decrease in electrical energy use and carbon footprints .By using new technology, i.e., smart grid, controlling the carbon emissions and carbon foot prints indirectly by making saving money and renewable energy more affordable and potentially larger for the environment. To make the grid smart, efficient and more accommodating of renewables, and also we are able to cut down on the amount of carbon and emit to generate the needed electricity” explains Lead Researcher Rob Pratt of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) [2]. This suggests that it could drastically reduce carbon emissions and carbon footprint by deploying a smart grid technology. A basic perspective of the PNNL analysis is that, in the next two decades, smart grid technology will become persistent in America because of the cost efficiencies and reliability improvements for the power system.

The US energy industry, according to The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 providing funds with up to US$40 billion in various forms for the smart grid technologies, transmission projects and its infrastructures etc, which includes in the form of loan guarantees, bonds etc., Lyn corum in his context for the glue that binds all this together the grid infrastructure [3]-[5].

The Smart Grid is devoted to a sector poised for the same fundamental transformation that telecom experienced with the advent of IP communications technologies. IP communications technologies will play in how the Smart Grid evolves – not just for making utilities more efficient, but also for enabling the Smart Home and a new generation of communications innovations. The Smart Grid Summit brings together two worlds in a unique setting designed to identify how they can create new opportunities and drive innovation with IP communications technologies. This is not another event to explore how utilities can become more efficient in the transmission and distribution of power. Our vision goes well beyond this to address how utilities can deploy telecom-based solutions to not only make their grid smarter, but to enable the Smart Home and enable a new generation of revenue-generating services. We can deliver this experience based on TMC’s unmatched reach into the telecom and IP communications communities, along with the Smart Grid focus of our event partner, Intelligent Communications Partners.

I. Smart grid potential

A group of authors elucidated different mechanisms by which the smart grid technological system could reduce carbon footprints. The report provides additional information to the research in each smart grid area.

Direct mechanisms are mainly for the benefiting from the conservation effect of consumers being more aware about their own energy use, which include incorporating smart grid-enabled diagnostics in residential and commercial buildings; adding more plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to the market; and benefiting from the conservation effect of consumers being more aware about their own energy use.

Indirect mechanisms are for cost effect, successful operations and renewable.

According to Path [14], The combined effect of both the mechanisms, it could reduce the electric grid’s carbon foot print at a marginal rate of 12% or more, and also he added renewable portfolios, goals of 20% to 30% set for the electricity sector by the time frame of two decades in many states as a part of national carbon policy.

It means that by fully utilizing a smart grid, the nation could prevent the equivalent of 442 million metric tons, or 66 typical coal power plants' worth, of carbon emissions from entering the atmosphere each year. Those 66 power plants produce the equivalent amount of electricity needed to power 70 million of today's homes.

II. Mechanisms considered

Pratt et.al led a team analyzed different mechanisms, by which the smart grid technique could reduce carbon emissions. They also proposed suggestions for future extensions for the findings to fulfill the goals for decreasing the carbon intensity in coming two decades. For this, research and development programme for the smart grid funding being given by the department of energy (DOE).

Smart Grid: estimation and the benefits of CO2

A new Technology of the smart grid could help to ease the releasing of the carbon, ultimately it decreases the carbon footprints and also the rate of use of the electrical energy segments reduced up to12% by the year 2030 for the US, as per the information provided by the wing of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s (PNNL) the Smart Grid “An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits details distinct methods by which the smart grid can reduce energy use and carbon impacts” [14].

A set of nine mechanisms given in the report for the smart grid which it reduces the intensity of carbon.

An evaluation of this information of these Direct and Indirect mechanisms via the smart grid technology be able to ease the energy use and carbon footprints. The cram was funded by office of the Department of Energy Electricity liberation and Energy dependability. Through the nine mechanisms there will be a reduction of energy and carbon foot prints by 12% in direct mechanisms and by 6% in indirect mechanisms (Table).

Table: The mechanisms and their impacts — a reduction in electric utility, electrical energy/ electricity and CO2 emissions and footprints by 2030 [14]

Mechanism	Electricity Sector energy and carbon Reductions*
Mechanism	Direct	Indirect
Conservation effect of demand Response consumer information	3%	-
Marketing/ outreach Synergy between Demand Response and Efficiency Programs	--	0%
Measurement and Verification for Efficiency Programs	1%	<0.5%
Smart Grid-Enabled Diagnosis in Residential and small / Medium commercial Buildings	3%	-
Conservation voltage Reduction and Advanced Volt/ VAr control	2%	-
Load Shifting from Demand Response	<0.1%	-
Support additional electric vehicles (EVs) / Plug –in hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)	3%	--
Reduced need for regulation and reserve to achieve 25% RPS of the electric sector: Solar Photovoltaic Integration and or wind energy integration	<0.1%	5%
Total saving	12%	6&

These estimates presume full deployment, or 100% penetration, of smart grid technologies.

The smart grid-Direct and Indirect impacts

The smart grid impacts can be divided into direct and indirect mechanisms, In direct reductions the main function of the smart grid is itself generate to savings in energy and/or emissions consumed or by reducing generation requirements; In an indirect reductions are related to smart grid functions producing cost savings. It concludes that both the mechanisms are involved the rate of reduction in the energy and carbon footprints up to 12% by direct mechanisms and up to the 6% by indirect in the coming two decades if it is full-fledged smart grid systems installed in [14].

Smart grid technologies were examined and calculated the reduction rate by direct mechanisms that affected electricity and CO₂ emissions. The investment and operational costs for the utilization of the efficiency and renewable program which propose to decline at the rate of 6%.

The price tag savings for assimilate renewable or working efficiency program of electrical energy and equivalents of carbon, and reinvesting the producing capacity of the supplementary services are estimated by the indirect method.

Future foreword

To put in to action of these mechanisms and further findings, PNNL has afforded numerous suggestions for further activities:

§ A deeper analysis is needed to study all these technicalities and certain technical constraints must be administered.

§ The behavior of these mechanisms are uncertain that is related to understanding of the customer reaction and encourage to guide different administrative activities and the efforts to implement the possible advantages to attain for sustain.

§ The future extensions can be addressed more carefully on the problems of uncertainty of the possible electrical energy utilization and to decrease the production of carbon dioxide is estimated by the perfect methods of analysis for each mechanism.

Success depends on growth and identifying:

§ Growth indicates to decrease the transmission over crowding by the functioning of the smart grids and it results to support towards increasing the degree of central renewable (airstream energy) levels.

§ Built up to organize a policy of the requirement , disseminated production and storage possessions may be handled on energy, financially viable, wind production and carbon dioxide based measure or a combination of all the four factors. And also one should understand the measures to influence the customers so that demand is high from the consumer. It is a combined outcome of both the grid and the surroundings by the purchaser and make it to work with voluntarily.

Prospective benefits for smartgrids to decrease the production of CO₂

§ The assets of smart grids to prove it, to be a gainful one. Various quantitative and innovative methods can be developed and installed to maintain the quality of the power and it should be improve the big business in the case of a smart grid and make it to centralized energy to more decentralized energy.

It is estimated that an investment of US$3.2 trillion needed in order to generate 12% of electrical energy by the air-stream in coming four decades (2050), as per the reports from the International Energy Agency.

Further, there is no doubt to increase it or exceedingly.

UK to cut emissions by 34% by 2020 – investing £450m in renewable and clean energy

It is expected that, the United Kingdom may cut it the emissions by 34% in coming two decades (2020) by investing £450m to get a renewable and a quality of a good power.

Conclusions and future forward for cosmic and wind power energy

In the coming five years the wind power energy ventures are ongoing and considered by 79% of utilities in US and the cosmic energy is planned by 73% within the stipulated time. Finally it may bring to a close that the technology of smart grids may decrease the consumption of the electrical energy, carbon foot- prints or emissions of the generation of electrical energy.

Received on 15.12.2014 Accepted on 24.12.2014

Research J. Engineering and Tech. 5(4): Oct.-Dec., 2014 page 204-207